Within this monitoring process, sampling and laboratory analysis must be included.
HEAVY METAL MACHINES LVL 5 MANUAL
The traditional monitoring methodology consists of discrete or cumulative, manual or automatic sampling, followed by laboratory analysis (Berho et al., 2009 EEA, 1996 Steccanella et al., 2019). Heavy metals are considered indicators for the abovementioned emission sources, and their monitoring is of crucial importance in identifying the sources and pathways of potential pollutants in the aquatic environment.Ĭonsistent and smart monitoring contribute to the preservation and protection of the aquatic environment and avoid negative effects on human health (EEA et al., 2018 EU, 2000, 2013 Melo et al., 2019 Odobašić et al., 2019).
Furthermore, the majority of the sources of heavy metals to these UWWTP come from industries (78.4%) (EEA, 2018). The majority of heavy metal releases into water bodies in Europe are related to urban pollution coming from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs, 45.5%), from misconnections and cross-connections, untreated combined sewer overflows or road runoff (EEA, 2018). The ability of metals to pass through cell membranes causes several harm for different physiological processes of cells and therefore poses a threat to human and animal health (Gumpu et al., 2015 Jang et al., 2011). In particular, there is great concern regarding the environmental fate of heavy metals (HMs) and their impacts on human health, which are related to bioaccumulation, non-biodegradability, persistence and toxicity (Gautam et al., 2014 Güell et al., 2008 Gumpu et al., 2015 Jang et al., 2011 Law et al., 2018 Li et al., 2015 Masindi & Muedi, 2018 Odobašić et al., 2019 Waheed et al., 2018). Both natural processes, such as weathering of soil, and anthropogenic activities, such as rapid industrialization, urbanization and agricultural activities, deeply influence the contamination of water resources with a variety and a large number of contaminants (Law et al., 2018 Li et al., 2015 Mohammed et al., 2016). Water is of fundamental importance for the environment and life, and it determines the health of humans and animals (Silva Junior et al., 2016 Tuna et al., 2013). This work demonstrated the suitability of the integrated system for on-site detection of Pb and Cu emissions from large and medium urban areas discharging into small water bodies. The life span of an SPE averaged 39 measurements per day, which is considered sufficient for intended monitoring campaigns. The lowest detectable change (LDC), which is an important performance characteristic for this application, was estimated to be 4–5 µg/L for Pb and 6–7 µg/L for Cu.
HEAVY METAL MACHINES LVL 5 ISO
This scenario was simulated in laboratory experiments. The main performance characteristics of the system, which was evaluated based on ISO 15839 were measurement bias (Pb 75%, Cu 65%), reproducibility (in terms of relative standard deviation: Pb 11–18%, Cu 6–10%) and the limit of detection (4 µg/L for Pb and 7 µg/L for Cu). The focus of this work was to validate the ability of the integrated system to perform on-site detection of heavy metal pollution plumes in river catchments. Detection is based on the method of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry using carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). It is composed of an autonomous surface vehicle capable of semiautonomous driving and equipped with a microfluidic device for detection of heavy metals. The present study describes an innovative technology for investigative monitoring of heavy metal pollution (Cu and Pb) in surface water. Smart monitoring has been studied and developed in recent years to create faster, cheaper, and more user-friendly on-site methods.
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